The co-chair of the NFL’s Health and Safety Advisory Committee has said that the committee thinks helmets are part of the culture and tradition and will not be outlawed in the foreseeable future. Companies also must endeavor to keep their promises and put ethics at least on par with profits. Customers who fly in first or business class pay a much higher rate than those in economy seats, but they also get more amenities—simultaneously, people who cannot afford upper-class seats benefit from the economy rates. Utilitarianism is the most common kind of consequentialism, which is one of the three major branches of ethics. In some cases, amber contains inclusions, such as insects, whole or parts of animals, and plants that are trapped and preserved. [92] Patrick Findler, Should Kids Play (American) Football?, Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 42(3): 443-462 (2015). 3. There is no official state religion but the Myanmar government favors the majority Theravada Buddhism population. Riding a bicycle carries risk and not a whole lot of parents are not letting their kids ride a bike. Those who favour such voluntary programmes give greater weight to consent and privacy than to well‐being and life. Utilitarianism provides a guiding framework of decision making rooted in social benefit which helps direct business toward more ethical behavior. This is one of the limitations of utilitarianism. For example, the government has made it difficult for Christian and Islamic groups to gain permission to repair or build new places of worship. Similar to the ethics of care in business professional practices, virtue business ethics is a broad business theory that focuses on the character of the moral behavior of individuals rather than the rightness of the intended actions. Pleasure or Happiness Is the Only Thing That Truly Has Intrinsic Value. [83] Des Bieler, Oklahoma State’s Mike Gundy Says His Team Needs to Play for Benefit of State Economy,” Washington Post, April 7, 2020, at https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/2020/04/07/oklahoma-states-mike-gundy-says-his-team-needs-play-benefit-state-economy/. Over the last ten years, more than one billion dollars in legal revenue has been generated from the mining and sale of amber. They do not necessarily refer to a “utilitarian calculus,” … Moreover, utilitarianism is the most common approach to business ethics because of the way that it accounts for costs and benefits. Act utilitarianism makes the most ethical actions possible for the benefit of the people. Discussion Questions on High Schools & Colleges, Discussion Questions on Youth Leagues (Under 14). Gammon, Katharine, “The Human Cost of Amber,” The Atlantic, Aug. 2, 2019.   https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2019/08/amber-fossil-supply-chain-has-dark-human-cost/594601/, Grimaldi, David, “Amber,” Current Biology Magazine. [13] Michael L. Alosco et al., Repetitive Head Impact Exposure and Later-Life Plasma Total Tau in Former National Football League Players, Alzheimer’s & Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment and Disease Monitoring, 7: 33-40 (2017). [33] William Stewart et al., Primum Non Nocere: A Call for Balance When Reporting on CTE, Lancet Neurology, 18:231-232 (2019). [62] Matt Ventresca, The Curious Case of CTE: Mediating Materialities of Traumatic Brain Injury, Communication & Sport, 7(2): 135-156 (2019). One of the oldest amber deposits in the world, dating back 100 million years, is located in the Northern region of Myanmar. A theory of ethical behavior, utilitarianism holds that an action is "right" to the extent that it benefits people or society, either by creating happiness, improving well-being, or reducing suffering. It is wrong to punish an innocent person, because it violates his rights and is unjust. In this Wireless Philosophy video, Julia Markovits (Cornell University) gives an introduction to the moral theory of utilitarianism. The pivotal objective of every business is to maximize the income by the minimization of the costs; that is, the business decisions aim to reach this goal. And How Will It Change in 2019?, ESPN, Aug. 19, 2019, at https://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/27372974/did-helmet-rule-actually-work-2018-how-change-2019. Dr. Omalu identified abnormal clumps of the protein tau in Webster’s brain, which he believed to be evidence of CTE. Most importantly, other studies seem to indicate that concussions may be more benign. But few would consider it an acceptable course of action, let alone the most ethical one. Utilitarianism holds that an action is right if it tends to promote happiness and wrong if it tends to produce sadness, or the reverse of happiness—not just the happiness of the actor but that of everyone affected by it. For example, say a hospital has four people whose lives depend upon receiving organ transplants: a heart, lungs, a kidney, and a liver. One study found no statistically significant difference between the all-cause mortality among career NFL players and NFL replacement players who played just three games during the strike of 1987. Business analysts, legislators, and scientists weigh daily the resulting benefits and harms of policies when deciding, for example, whether to invest resources in a certain public project, whether to approve a new drug, or whether to ban a certain pesticide. [89] Mariana Brussoni et al., Risky Play and Children’s Safety: Balancing Priorities for Optimal Child Development, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 9:3134-3148 (2012). Utilitarianism is already widely used as a business ethic approach, although it is not well developed in the literature. Utilitarianism would say that an action is right if it results in the happiness of the greatest number of people in a society or a group. https://www.cell.com/current-biology/pdf/S0960-9822(19)31097-8.pdf, Greshko, Michael, “Ancient Bird Foot Found in Amber Has Bizarrely Long Toes,” National Geographic, July 11, 2019.   https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/07/fossil-bird-in-amber-has-unusually-long-toes/, Lawton, Graham, “Blood Amber: The Exquisite Trove of Fossils Fueling War in Myanmar,” NewScientist, May 1, 2019. https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg24232280-600-blood-amber-the-exquisite-trove-of-fossils-fuelling-war-in-myanmar/, Nelson, Alexandrea, “The Materiality of Morality: Conflict Minerals,” Utah Law Review, 2014: 1, p. 219 (2014). Myanmar is a small southeast Asian country that contains about 130 diverse ethnic groups recognized by the government. Business analysts, legislators, and scientists weigh daily the resulting benefits and harms of policies when deciding, for example, whether to invest resources in a certain public project, whether to approve a new drug, or whether to ban a certain pesticide. [35]  Other studies have involved skewed samples, including one where all the NFL players’ brains had been donated because of mental declines that the donors had suffered before their deaths.[36]. [1] Ingfei Chen, Exactly How Dangerous Is Football?, The New Yorker, Feb. 1, 2020. [47] Ingfei Chen, Exactly How Dangerous Is Football?, The New Yorker, Feb. 1, 2020. Business ethics involve following business principles that entail morality in leadership as well as in several other aspects of businesses. Utilitarianism seems to require punishing the innocent in certain circumstances, such as these. However, the science in this area is truly not settled. [10] David W. Lawrence et al., Descriptive Epidemiology of Musculoskeletal Injuries and Concussions in the National Football League, 2021-2014, Orthopedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 2015:3(5):2325967115583653. So, although utilitarianism is surely a reason-based approach to determining right and wrong, it has obvious limitations. According to research by neuroscientists, “There seems to be greater consequences if you’re getting your head hit when the brain is rapidly developing [below age 12].”. Part of the reason is that “[m]ost of the time when a player has a concussion, standard medical imaging techniques do not show damage.”[31] No “gold standard” for diagnosing concussions currently exists. Found that retired NFL players experienced levels of depressive symptoms no worse than those of the.! That Truly has Intrinsic Value of gray—either something is wrong or it is a universal concept that all should! 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